EVENTS:
- 1000 – The foundation of the Hungarian state by Saint Stephen, celebrated as a National Day in Hungary.
- 1858 – Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution through natural selection in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace’s same theory.
- 1960 – Senegal breaks from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence.
- 1962 – The NS Savannah, the world’s first nuclear-powered civilian ship, embarks on its maiden voyage.
- 1975 – Viking Program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.
- 1977 – Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 2 spacecraft.
- 2008 – Spanair Flight 5022, from Madrid, Spain to Gran Canaria, skids off the runway and crashes at Barajas Airport. One hundred forty-six people are killed in the crash, and eight more die later. Only 18 people survive.
- 2014 – Seventy-two people are killed in Japan’s Hiroshima Prefecture by a series of landslides caused by a month’s worth of rain that fell in one day.
- 2016 – 54 people are killed when a suicide bomber detonates himself at a Kurdish wedding party in Gaziantep, Turkey.
- 2020 – Joe Biden gives his acceptance speech virtually for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.
BIRTHS:
- 1845 – Albert Chmielowski, Polish saint, founded the Albertine Brothers (d. 1916)
- 1847 – Andrew Greenwood, English cricketer (d. 1889)
- 1865 – Bernard Tancred, South African cricketer (d. 1911) 1896 – Gostha Paul, Indian footballer (d. 1976)
- 1901 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- 1909 – Alby Roberts, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1978)
- 1913 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neuropsychologist and neurobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- 1921 – Jack Wilson, Australian cricketer (d. 1985)
- 1932 – Atholl McKinnon, South African cricketer (d. 1983)
- 1936 – Hideki Shirakawa, Japanese chemist, engineer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1940 – Rex Sellers, Indian-Australian cricketer
- 1944 – Rajiv Gandhi, Indian politician, 6th Prime Minister of India (d. 1991)
- 1946 – N. R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman, co-founded Infosys
- 1976 – Randeep Hooda, Indian actor
- 1985 – Jack King, English footballer
- 1989 – Dean Winnard, English footballer
- 1991 – Luke O’Neill, English footballer
HOLIDAYS and OBSERVANCES:
