EVENTS:
- 1616 – The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
- 1789 – The United States “Department of Foreign Affairs”, established by law in July, is renamed the Department of State and given a variety of domestic duties.
- 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica jointly declare independence from Spain.
- 1851 – Saint Joseph’s University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1935 – Nazi Germany adopts a new national flag bearing the swastika.
- 1947 – RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
- 1959 – Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first Soviet leader to visit the United States.
- 1968 – The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship is launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere.
- 2004 – National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman announces lockout of the players union and cessation of operations by the NHL head office.
- 2012 – Muslim protesters shouting anti-American slogans clash with police, injuring 19 people, outside the US embassy in Sydney, Australia.
- 2017 – The Parsons Green bombing took place in London.
- 2017 – The Cassini–Huygens probe is retired.
- 2020 – Signing of the Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement occurs in Washington, D.C., normalizing relations between Israel and two Arab nations, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.
BIRTHS:
- 1860 – Visvesvaraya, Indian engineer, scholar, and politician, Diwan of the Mysore Kingdom (d. 1962)
- 1895 – Chic Harley, American football player (d. 1974)
- 1909 – C. N. Annadurai, Indian politician, 7th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (d. 1969)
- 1929 – Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1937 – Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 – Subramanian Swamy, Indian economist, academic, and politician, Minister of Law and Justice for India
- 1940 – Merlin Olsen, American football player, sportscaster, and actor (d. 2010)
- 1944 – Graham Taylor, English footballer and manager
- 1946 – Mike Procter, South African cricketer, coach, and referee
- 1964 – Steve Watkin, Welsh cricketer
- 1971 – Nathan Astle, New Zealand cricketer and coach
- 1977 – Leander Jordan, American football player
- 1987 – Aly Cissokho, French footballer
- 1990 – Oliver Gill, English footballer
HOLIDAYS and OBSERVANCES:
