EVENTS:
- 1860 – The 1860 Oxford evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History takes place.
- 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the article On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, in which he introduces special relativity.
- 1912 – The Regina Cyclone hits Regina, Saskatchewan, killing 28. It remains Canada’s deadliest tornado event.
- 1937 – The world’s first emergency telephone number, 999, is introduced in London
- 1960 – Congo gains independence from Belgium.
- 1966 – The National Organization for Women, the United States’ largest feminist organization, is founded.
- 1991 – 32 miners are killed when a coal mine catches fire in the Donbass region of Ukraine and releases toxic gas.
- 2013 – Mass protests are held in Egypt.
- 2015 – A Hercules C-130 military aircraft with 113 people on board crashes in a residential area in the Indonesian city of Medan, resulting in at least 116 deaths.
- 2016 – Rodrigo Duterte was sworn into office as the 16th President of the Philippines.
- 2019 – Donald Trump becomes the first sitting US President to visit the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea).
- 2021 – The Tiger Fire ignites near Black Canyon City, Arizona, and goes on to burn 16,278 acres (6,587 ha) of land before being fully contained on July 30.
- 2023 – A Tajik citizen with ISIS connections, wanted in Tajikistan for murder and kidnapping, kills two people at Chișinău International Airport in Moldova, after being denied entry to the country.
BIRTHS:
- 1823 – Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, Indian businessman (d. 1901)
- 1906 – Ralph Allen, English footballer (d. 1981)
- 1911 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish poet and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1919 – Ed Yost, American inventor, invented the hot air balloon (d. 2007)
- 1926 – Paul Berg, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1933 – M. J. K. Smith, English cricketer
- 1941 – Peter Pollock, South African cricketer and author
- 1943 – Saeed Akhtar Mirza, Indian director and screenwriter
- 1965 – Gary Pallister, English footballer and sportscaster
- 1967 – David Busst, English footballer and manager
- 1969 – Sanath Jayasuriya, Sri Lankan cricketer and politician
- 1979 – Allari Naresh, Indian actor
- 1984 – Miles Austin, American football player
- 1989 – David Myers, Australian footballer
- 1998 – Tom Davies, English footballer
HOLIDAYS and OBSERVANCES:
